After 8 years, Europe’s BepiColombo mission is on final approach to Mercury - Ars Technica

The BepiColombo mission cleared a major milestone this week in the final stretch of an eight-year interplanetary voyage to Mercury, the hard-to-reach, scorching hot iron world at the Solar System’s innermost frontier.

The robotic science mission, with a price tag of nearly $2 billion, is led by the European Space Agency with contributions from Japan and the United States. Since its launch in 2018, BepiColombo has spiraled closer to the Sun using a combination of plasma propulsion and a series of flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. The maneuvers changed the spacecraft’s velocity and steered it toward a final encounter with Mercury later this year.

Next time it reaches Mercury, BepiColombo will be traveling at just the right speed for the planet’s gravity to capture the spacecraft into orbit. Scientists working on interplanetary missions are accustomed to long waits for scientific payoffs. It took nearly 10 years for NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft to travel from Earth to Pluto. It turns out traveling to fleet-footed Mercury and then entering orbit requires more energy, or delta-v, than sending a probe to fly by Pluto.

That’s why BepiColombo’s trajectory required an unprecedented nine planetary flybys, or gravity assists, to set up for the chance to enter orbit around Mercury later this year. BepiColombo also launched with the most powerful electric propulsion system ever put into deep space, with four gridded ion thrusters to reshape its orbit around the Sun in between flybys.

BepiColombo is now a few months from reaching the end of its journey, and it no longer needs the plasma engines. On Thursday, BepiColombo jettisoned the section of the spacecraft containing the ion the thrusters. This part of the spacecraft, called the Mercury Transfer Module, was responsible for generating power and providing propulsion for BepiColombo throughout the eight-year cruise.

But the propulsion module was no longer required, and BepiColombo needed to get rid of it before slipping into orbit in November. BepiColombo is unusual in that it is actually a stack of three spacecraft: the Mercury Transfer Module and the Mercury Planetary Orbiter, built by Europe, and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter from Japan, nicknamed Mio.

The separation of the propulsion module Thursday leaves the European and Japanese orbiters still traveling together. The two spacecraft will release from one another in December, soon after they arrive in their initial orbit around Mercury. The orbiters each have their own instruments for scientific observations at Mercury, while the transfer module is dead mass.

Nothing like the controlled disassembly of BepiColombo has ever been attempted in such a harsh environment as the region of space near Mercury. Separation of the Mercury Transfer Module occurred 39 million miles (63 million kilometers) from the Sun, less than half the distance of Earth, with extreme temperatures and intense solar radiation.

Ignacio Tanco, head of inner Solar System mission operations at ESA, told reporters the challenge is “equivalent to launching a new spacecraft” with “considerable risk” of something going wrong. Letting go of the transfer module required the rest of the spacecraft take over power generation, propulsion and pointing, and thermal control, a significant concern flying so close to the Sun.

“This is something that we will only see after separation if it has worked, and we will be using several new sensors and mechanisms as part of the attitude control system,” Tanco said.

Several of the mission’s science instruments, including its best cameras, were obscured by the propulsion module during the transit to Mercury. “It will be only upon release of the transfer module that these instruments will see first light,” Tanco said.

Early indications are everything went according to plan Thursday. The spacecraft executed preprogrammed commands to disconnect the transfer module and four springs pushed the two sections apart. Telemetry downlinked from BepiColombo showed the Mercury Planetary Orbiter’s solar arrays were generating power.

“They were not seeing the Sun during the cruise phase,” said Elsa Montagnon, BepiColombo’s spacecraft operations managers at ESA. “We have confirmation that the power margins on the spacecraft are positive, that the solar arrays are recharging the batteries that were discharged during the separation. This is all excellent news.”